Race Crime Essay Example

Race Crime Essay There have been many studies conducted by both academics and government organisations to gain further insight into the reasons why, when compared to their representation as members of the population as a whole, people from black minority ethnic backgrounds, widely referred to as BME groups, are massively overrepresented in the criminal justice system in England and Wales (Webster, 2007;111). However, Feilzer and Hood have warned that all research has failed to conclusively prove whether different outcomes for minority ethnic people have been due to discrimination or as a result of other factors (Webster, 2007;112). This essay aims to critically account for the disproportionate presence of BME groups in the criminal justice system, in particular the police, the prison service and the courts, exploring possible reasons for the overrepresentation such as social exclusion and socio-economic disadvantage. The essay will also draw comparisons with other countries such as the United States of America and Australia. Criticism of the police and their relationship with BME groups is nothing new, and tensions within British society were exacerbated with the influx of West Indian immigrants in the 1950s. A study conducted in the 1960s compared urban and rural policing and described the negative stereotype that police officers held of members of the black community (Spalek, 2002;77). More recently, the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the subsequent Lawrence Inquiry produced a startling insight into the degree of, what Lord Macpherson termed, institutional racism within the criminal justice system (Macpherson, 1999). Recent statistics from the Ministry of Justice (MJ) illustrate the overrepresentation of BME groups in the criminal justice system. We will write a custom essay sample on Race Crime specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Race Crime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Race Crime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Ministry of Justice report, Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/2009 (MJ, 2010) highlights some of the substantial differences that exist between the experiences of people from BME groups compared with those from a white background (MJ, 2010). The report illustrates that BME groups are disproportionately represented at every stage of the criminal justice system but specifically in stop and search, arrests and the prison population. However, this is not simply an issue in England and Wales, but reflects problems faced by criminal justice systems in other countries around the world (Bhui, 2009;50). It has been well established by many authors and studies that the use of stop and search powers by the police has been the most controversial issue (Bowling and Phillips, 2003;534) when dealing with the topic of policing minority ethnic communities. Stop and search powers are governed by section 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, which requires the police to have reasonable suspicion. It is this concept that gives rise to concerns about discrimination and racial profiling (Davies et al, 2005;170). People from BME backgrounds are also more likely to be stopped under the stop and search powers of section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and are less likely to be given a reason for being stopped (Davies et al, 2005;171). Black and Asian people are 26. 6 and 6. 3 times more likely to be stopped and searched respectively than white people, under Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (Townsend, 2010). This is a higher stop and search ratio than that recorded before the publication in 1999 of the Inquiry report into the murder of the black teenager, Stephen Lawrence. Section 60 powers enabled the police to use such stop and search in exceptional circumstances but has subsequently allowed the abuse of such powers through increased stereotyping, further alienating the most affected communities (Townsend, 2010). The report concluded that the overuse of stop and search had created significant mistrust in minority ethnic communities (Travis, 2010), and contributes to the idea that the system is institutionally racist. The Ministry of Justice report found that there has been a 70 per cent rise in BME being stopped and searched over the past 5 years. In England and Wales as a whole it was recorded that 18 people of a white background and 135 of a BME background per 1000 of the population were subject to the use of Stop and Search by the police under section 1 of PACE 1984 (MJ, 2010). The statistics show that under PACE, Black people were 7. 2 times more likely, and Asian people were 2. 1 times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people (MJ, 2010). It could therefore be argued that stop and searches are disproportionately carried out on people from BME backgrounds, under both PACE and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. However, there was a large variation in the number of stop and searches throughout England and Wales. In London the number per 1000 of the population was 47 white and 210 black. This variation is a result of several factors. Firstly, 54 percent of the black population of England and Wales live in London, and are therefore more likely to be stopped and searched than any other area. Secondly, 42 percent of all stop and searches are carried out by the Metropolitan Police Service, which only serve 14 percent of the whole population of England and Wales (MJ, 2010). In contrast, there are other areas within England and Wales such as Cumbria and Durham where the rate of stop and searches per 1000 of the population for those from black backgrounds compared to white backgrounds was 0. 7. This means that more white people are stopped and searched per 1000 of the population than black people (MJ, 2010). Findings from the report Offending, Crime and Justice Survey 2003-06 suggested that an individuals ethnic group was not significantly associated with increased or reduced likelihood of offending (MJ, 2010). It is however, believed that BME communities are considered to be suspect populations (Webster, 2010;95) with the tendency for black and Asian communities to receive greatly inferior treatment by the police, leading to their involvement with the criminal justice system. Similar to the stop and search statistics, people from BME groups experienced more arrests per 1000 of the population than people of white backgrounds, and black people were 3. 3 times more likely to get arrested than white people (MJ, 2010). However, Phillips and Browns study in 1998 found that of the cases that went to the Crown Prosecution Service, the proportions that were terminated were 27 per cent for Asians, 20 per cent for black people and 12 per cent for white people (Bhui, 2009;35). This strongly suggests that black and Asian people were more likely to be arrested and charged without sufficient evidence to prosecute. Despite the conviction rates being substantially higher for white people compared to those from BME groups (MJ, 2010) in 2008, the percentage of white adults sentenced to immediate custody for indictable offences was under 29 percent, while BME groups ranged from 42 to 52 percent (MJ, 2010). This higher percentage is not necessarily due to discrimination, but rather a number of other factors, such as the seriousness of the offence committed, mitigating or aggravating factors and whether or not the defendant pleads guilty. Research has shown that people from BME backgrounds are more likely to plead not guilty, and hence be tried in a Crown court (MJ, 2010). In fact 48 per cent of black offenders plead not guilty compared to 30 per cent of white offenders. If offenders are found guilty after pleading not guilty, they are often given heavier and longer sentences (Marsh et al, 2010;178) and this may be a reason why there are more black offenders in prison. Although people from BME backgrounds account for less than 11 per cent of the British population, they account for a much higher proportion of the prison population. On the 30th June 2009, 20 percent of prisoners identified themselves as being from BME groups (MJ, 2010). The total prison population excluding foreign nationals has experienced increased numbers from all ethnic backgrounds since 2005, but most notably from Asian and Mixed groups. Those from a white ethnic background had the smallest increase (MJ, 2010). The result of such overrepresentation of people from BME backgrounds, in particular black people, is that there are some prisons in the south east of England that are now virtually all black (Ramesh, 2010). The disproportionate presence of people from BME groups could mean one of two things. People from BME groups may be discriminated against at the point of entry into the criminal justice system and this subsequently continues to the point of imprisonment. Alternatively, the groups are actually more involved in crime than others for reasons particular to that group (Hale et al, 2009;419). It is of common belief that the true answer lies somewhere between the two theories, yet self report studies have indicated that white people commit just as much or even more crime than those from BME groups (Kalunta-Crumpton, 2010). Evidence from several studies has shown that there are three overarching causes for the overrepresentation of BME groups in the Criminal Justice System, all of which compound each other. Firstly, social exclusion is a longstanding primary cause (House of Commons; Home Affairs Committee (HC), 2007). Secondly, factors specific to the black community such as family patterns and cultures amongst black people, both fuel and compound socio-economic deprivation. Thirdly, the structure and the way the criminal justice system operates mean more young BME people come into contact, and stay in contact, with the system (HC, 2010). There is considerable racial inequality in the criminal justice system with a massive underrepresentation of people from BME backgrounds in judiciary and court positions (Marsh et al, 2010;179). A recent report by the Ministry of Justice found that, as of April 2009 in the courts based judiciary, a mere 4. 5 per cent of judges were from BME backgrounds, and represented just 3 of the 163 High Court judges (MJ, 2010). This is a point that was highlighted in the Lawrence Inquiry, and in particular the failure of the police service to recruit minority ethnic officers. Recommendation 65 of the Lawrence Report stated that the police service ought to develop more initiatives to increase the number of minority ethnic recruits (Bhui, 2009;54). Despite such attempts to recruit more people from BME groups, the police force is still a predominantly white institution with only 4. 4 percent of officers in post coming from a BME background (Hansard, 2010), and this is reflected in the feelings of people from BME groups. A study conducted by Shute et al showed that one fifth of black defendants felt that their treatment had been influenced by racial bias (Marsh et al, 2010). Of the black and Asian defendants who thought that they had been given longer custodial sentences, over half put it down to their ethnicity rather than what they had done or said in court (Marsh et al, 2010), indicating the feeling amongst people from BME groups that institutional racism still exists within the criminal justice system. Such thoughts of institutional racism within the criminal justice system were again identified with the tragic incident in March 2000 when Zahid Mubarek, a 19 year old Asian prisoner at Feltham young offender institution, was murdered by a cell mate with a history of racist and violent behaviour (Nacro, 2003). It is regarded that social exclusion is the key reason for the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system. BME groups are socially and economically disadvantaged compared with white people and are more likely to come to police attention (Bhui, 2009;34). This socio-economic disadvantage stretches back to the post-war period when the first settlers from the Caribbean were forced into ghettoes because of racial prejudice and restricted access to accommodation, resulting in them being stacked in deprived areas where schools were substandard, employment opportunities were minimal and long-term prospects to hold the family together were limited (HC, 2010). It is believed that the disproportional presence of ethnic minorities has arisen due to the idea that policing bares down more heavily on those that frequent public spaces more often (Maguire et al, 2007;437). This happens to be black and Asian people as they are still subjected to high rates of unemployment, homelessness and nocturnal shift work. It is noted that 80 per cent of black African and black Caribbean communities live in particularly deprived, high crime urban areas such as Neighbourhood Renewal Fund areas (Bhui, 2009;32). It is the combination of all of these factors that place such individuals at greater risk of being stopped and searched (Maguire et al, 2007;437). The House of Commons Home Affairs Committee found that in 2007, all the minority ethnic groups within the black category are consistently below the national average across all Key Stages, at GCSE and equivalent and Post-16. At GCSE and equivalent, 45 per cent of black Caribbean pupils, and 51 per cent of black African pupils achieved 5 or more A*-C grades compared to 57 per cent nationally (HC, 2007). The committee concluded that the failure of the education system to educate our black boys provides a breeding ground for disaffection that undoubtedly leads many to seek alternative means to obtain a good standard of living or gain respect from their peers (HC, 2007). Conversely, the recent report How Fair is Britain produced by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), shows that ethnic differences are narrowing at GCSE level, except for the top two highest performing groups; Chinese and Indian (EHRC, 2010). Educational underachievement is fed by rates of exclusion, which is higher for black young people than any other ethnic group. The 2006 Department for Education Skills (DfES) report shows that 9. 6 per cent of black Caribbean young people had had a fixed period exclusion compared with a national average for all pupils of 5 per cent (DfES, 2006). Excluded young people, regardless of ethnicity, are twice as likely to commit offences as children in mainstream school according to the Youth Justice Boards (YJB) survey completed by MORI. In a recent survey 23 per cent of young people in mainstream school said they had committed an offence in the last 12 months, while 60per cent of excluded young people say they had committed an offence over the same period (YJB, 2009). This is a clear indication that young black people are more likely to be excluded from school, and subsequently more likely to offend. Asian children on the other hand had the lowest exclusion rates, followed by children with one white and one Asian parent (EHRC, 2010). The success of Asian children in education ties in with their low offending rates. Such traits have traditionally been explained as the result of strong informal controls said to inhere in Asian culture and family life (Webster, 2010;97). In 2007, at a time of growing gun and knife crime, former Prime Minister Tony Blair, insisted that we needed to stop pretending it was a problem for the general population (Blair, 2007), but rather an issue for the black community to resolve (Hale et al, 2009). This idea has been reaffirmed in statistics such as the figures from Operation Trident, a Metropolitan Police Service operation intended to deal with shootings among black people living in London in 2006. The operations findings detailed in the Home Affairs Committee report showed that, of all the firearms homicides and shootings in 2006 in London, 75 per cent of victims and 79 per cent of suspects were black (HC, 2010). These statistics reflect the idea that the majority of offending by people from minority ethnic backgrounds is intra-racial. It was also found that the boroughs with the highest firearms offences such as Hackney and Lambeth had the highest density of black population in London, as well as being some of the most deprived (HC, 2010). Furthermore, recent research in the UK suggests that homicide rates are associated with levels of poverty and deprivation (HC, 2010). It is this level of involvement and overrepresentation that is the greatest cause for concern for some sections of black and minority ethnic communities. The Director of Equalities and Policing at the Greater London Authority, Lee Jasper said of the situation we have, quite literally, a crisis in the black community among our young black people (HC, 2010). Self report studies ask some general questions about the respondents social and economic situation and then they are asked to describe any offences that they have committed. This technique relies solely upon the honesty of interviewees to reveal their offending behaviour. Self report surveys have produced controversial findings and in particular have suggested that race differences usually observed in official records are either absent or much reduced (Bowling and Phillips, 2002;99). The 2003 Offending, Crime and Justice Study found that in actual fact, white respondents were more likely than black or Asian respondents to say that they had offended (Bhui, 2009;32). The findings of such studies have indicated that the dark figure of crime is more likely to be committed by white people than those from BME backgrounds (Kalunta-Crumpton, 2010). In Australia, they face a slightly different issue, in that the indigenous population of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people are massively overrepresented in the justice system, and it is a result of historical discrimination, over-regulation and unfair treatment (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2006). Indigenous people make up 2. 5 per cent of the population in Australia, yet in 2008 they accounted for 29. 3 per cent and 24. 1 per cent of the female and male prisoners respectively (Bartels, 2010); a rate 17 times higher than that for non-indigenous people (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010). These figures varied throughout the different territories of Australia. For example, in Victoria, Indigenous people accounted for 6 per cent of the prison population, much lower but still overrepresented compared to their presence in the general population. In the Northern Territories however, the situation is much worse, with Indigenous people representing 83 per cent of the prison population. This is a startling illustration of the massive overrepresentation of Indigenous population in the criminal justice system. One explanation considered by some authors such as Bartels, is that the Indigenous population is significantly younger than the non-indigenous population. A census in 2006 found that the median age for both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous populations was 21 and 37 respectively (Australian Government, 2008), and thus a reason for the high number of Indigenous people coming into contact with the criminal justice system. In the United States of America, they face a similar if not more extreme situation than in Britain and most Western European countries. The Washington DC based research group, The Sentencing Project reported that today there are more African American men in prison and jail than in college (Walker et al, 2007;xiii). Despite black people only representing 12 per cent of the United States population, nearly half of all prisoners in the USA are African-American (Webster, 2007), and it is predicted that nearly one third of African-American males born today will go to prison (Ramesh, 2010). The US Justice Department have released statistics that suggest approximately 40 to 45 per cent of the US prison population is black (Ramesh, 2010), and that black people represent 31 per cent of arrests and 37 per cent of all violent arrests. Walker et al concluded in The Color of Justice, that the US criminal justice system is contextually discriminatory, in that discrimination does occur within certain parts of the system but not all parts, all of the time (Walker et al, 2007;419). The recent statistics from the Ministry of Justice paint a very clear picture as to the substantial differences that exist between the experiences of BME groups compared with white people, and in particular the experiences of black people. The central problem with the disproportionate presence of ethnic minorities in the criminal justice system is their under-representation in criminal justice professions coupled with their overrepresentation as suspects, defendants and prisoners (Newburn, 2007). Longstanding tension between the police and ethnic minorities still plays a significant part in the discrimination of ethnic minorities and is demonstrated in such documentaries as The Secret Policeman (Daly, 2003), highlighting that racism within the police force still occurs. Although many positive steps have been taken to eliminate institutional racism within the police force since the Lawrence Inquiry, there is still more that needs to be done. The police are not the only institution criticised of being discriminatory, with the Prison service also displaying such traits. It could be argued that the criminal justice system as a whole is still considered institutionally racist. Minority ethnic communities around the world are suffering from the same issues faced by those in England and Wales. The Australian prison population figures illustrate the startling discrimination the indigenous population of Australia face. The United States of America have a justice system described as contextually discriminatory (Walker et al, 2007;419), with an increasing population of black prisoners, many of which have committed violent or drug related offences. Despite numerous studies by academics and government departments, it has been considered that all research has failed to conclusively prove whether the disproportionate presence of people from minority ethnic backgrounds in the criminal justice system is through discrimination or other factors (Webster, 2007). It would appear however, that BME groups are most definitely overrepresented at every stage of the criminal justice system. From the findings of self report studies it can be inferred that the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities is not a result of disproportionate offending, but rather a combination of different factors. Similarly, the issue is not one solely of institutional racism within the criminal justice system. Unfortunately people from minority ethnic backgrounds live in the most deprived urban areas, with the highest crime rates, and therefore are undoubtedly over-policed. Young people from BME backgrounds are consistently underachieving in education and are almost twice as likely to have a fixed period of exclusion compared to the national average, and subsequently twice as likely to offend. Upon being charged for an offence, people from BME backgrounds are more likely to plead not guilty, and hence tried in the Crown court, where if found guilty, will receive a heavier sentence. It is the compounded effect of these factors that are the major cause of the disproportionate presence of ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system, and without addressing these issues first and foremost, their presence will simply increase.

Faded Dreams essays

Faded Dreams essays In the play Death of a Salesman Willy Loman who is the salesman, was mainly concerned with the success of his family. He set his goals and expectations for himself and his sons that were so high that they were impossible to reach. Willy was reaching for the American dream. He wanted to live in a great neighborhood, he wanted to have his own business, and he wanted his sons to be successful He wanted the perfect life. Unfortunately people dont always get what they want. Instead of the American dream Willy got reality. He was sixty-three years old and was not as successful as he had hoped to be. Willy was a failure. He was a failure as a father, a husband and a businessman and all his hopes and dreams had faded as well as his grip on what was reality and what was fantasy. In the beginning of the play Arthur Miller draws attention to the lighting, scenery and landscape of Willy Lomans house. There towering angular shapes behind the house, surrounding it on all sides. Only the blue light of the sky falls upon the house...a solid vault of apartment houses are around the small fragile-seeming home(1458). The first scene focuses on Willys feelings about the changes that have taken place in his neighborhood. He exclaims that he feels boxed in around the towering apartment buildings and that he can no longer smell the sweetness of the air only bricks and windows, windows and bricks. In a lost state of mind he tells his wife how he is constantly thinking of the days from the past when the neighborhood was fresh with the smell of flowers blooming. He reminisced about the time when him and Biff hung a swing between the two beautiful elm trees that the apartment builders cut down His dream to be away from the city had faded like the light that surrounded his house. Willy drifts in and out of reality so often in the play that it was hard for the reader to know what wa ...

Math problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Math problems - Essay Example ii) -1.89 lie in IR region. 1c)Because its closer to the nucleus and having some effect on the other electron present in the higher shell Q2 a) Power output of sun = 3.8 *1026W Radius = 1.4 * 108 Power density = ? V= 4/3 ?r3 V= 4/3 ? (1.4*108)3 =1.15*1025 Power density: Power/volume = 3.8*1026/1.15*1025 1ev= 1.6*10-19J Total energy released for He nucleus is 26.7 Mev 26.7*106*1.6*10-19 4.27*10-12 energy is released for 1 he atom =>3.8*1026 J produce 3.8*1026/4.27*10-12 *1/(4*?*(1.4*108)3/3) Helium atoms per second per cubic meter (here assume time =1sec therefore energy =3.8 *1026W *1sec 7.74*1012 Helium atoms per second per cubic meter 2b) In He both the nucleons are there means protons and neutron,2 protons and 1 neutron is there. In first equation there are less number of nucleons involve so there nuclear force will be less and thus it will be more reactive there fore they are less stable while on the other hand when the nucleons are more in number as it is in step 2 therefore the re will be strong nuclear force, will be less reactive and more stable. 2c) When the fusion reaction occurs so at that time two atoms combine and produce larger atom and release high energy in the form of binding energy of nucleons. As this process continues till the formation of iron Fe 56,so at that time binding energy of electron is minimum that is most negative and now if the more heavier atom is required to be formed so more energy will release Q3 a i) Data: Redshift = z = 0.13 Speed of light =c= 3 * 108 ms-1 Hubble constant = H0 = 70 kms-1Mpc-1 Distance to the galaxy = r=? Formula: 1. H0 = v / r Here v = apparent speed of galaxy 2. v = z * c Solution: v = z * c =0.13 * 3 * 108 v = 3.9 * 107 ms-1 v = 3.9*107*10-3kms-1 v = 3.9*104 kms-1 H0 = v / r r= v / H0 r = 3.9*104 /70 r = 5.57*102 Mpc Q3 a ii) Data Red shift =z = 0.13 ?0=589nm ?1=? Formula =?1-?0 z=/?0 Solution z= /?0 0.13= /589 =76.57nm ?1-?0 =76.57 ?1 =76.57+589 ?1=665.57nm ?1=6.65*102 nm Q3 b i) As the wavelength of hypo thetical object is different as compare to the wavelength of the objects which are already present in the cluster and this wavelength is very large which causes this hypothetical object to move out of the galaxy that’s why that this object is not part of this cluster, and is actually more distant. Q3 b ii) The answer is not in the book. Or no relative material is in the book kindly search yourself Q#4 General relativity and quantum gravity depart from Newton’s theory. The gravitational force of attraction is described by Newton’s law of gravity. Einstein’s theory of general relativity describes the interaction between space and the matter within it. When the masses become very large, this theory provides a more accurate description of gravity than does Newton’s law. General relativity also predicts the existence of gravitational radiation, which is emitted by massive objects that undergo an acceleration. There is good evidence that such radiation i s being generated by binary pulsars. A convincing theory of quantum gravity has yet to be formulated, but it will involve quanta referred to as gravitons which interact with everything. Einstein’s theory of general relativity reproduced all the old results of Newton, but without even using the idea of weight. The core of general relativity is the interaction between ‘space’

A thank you letter for being granted a Union County College Scholarship Essay

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Macro-Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macro-Economics - Essay Example Aggregate demand is the economy-wide demand for goods and services by all economic agents and aggregate supply is the total goods and services produced. The macroeconomic model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply determines the relationship between aggregate price level and aggregate output in the short run as well as the long run through the interaction of all the markets (Mankiw, 2008). The aggregate demand curve, that is the relationship between AD and aggregate price level, is drawn for a given supply of money. It slopes downward since higher the price level, lower is the real money balances, on account of the Quantity Theory of Money, and so lower is the demand for goods and services. The aggregate supply curve is the relationship between total goods and services produced in the economy and the price level. The long run AS supply curve is vertical while, in the Keynesian macroeconomic model, the short run AS curve is horizontal since prices are assumed to be sticky in the short run. In the long run, changes in aggregate demand affect prices but in the short run, changes in aggregate demand affects output only. Keynes proposed that low aggregate demand is responsible for low income and high unemployment that characterize economic downturns. This is in contrast to the classical view that aggregate supply, depending on the supply of labor capital and technology, determines national income. To reconcile these two views, it is considered that in the long run, prices are flexible so that aggregate supply determines the national income while in the short run, prices are sticky so that aggregate demand determines national income (Mankiw, 2008). The IS-LM model of aggregate demand represents the interaction of the goods and money markets. The IS curve is a downward sloping relationship between rate of interest and output that is derived from the equilibrium in the goods market. Here, planned expenditure, given by the total of consumption, investment and government expenditure in the closed economy and in addition, net exports in the open economy, is equal to the actual expenditure, given by the total output. Consumption depends on the disposable income after paying taxes, investment on interest rates, through the loanable funds market, and exogenously given government expenditure and net exports. In the money market, the LM curve denotes the relationship between rate of interest and output such that real money supply is equal to the real money demand. Even though money supply and prices are exogenous in the short run, real money demand depends positively on output (through the quantity theory of money) and rate of interest (through the theory of liquidity preference). The intersection of the IS and LM curve gives the equilibrium rate of interest and output. Thus, the interaction of the money market, the goods market and the loanable funds market determines equilibrium output and rate of interest. This may or may not be equal to the full employment output which is achieved in the long run when prices are flexible (Mankiw, 2008). Role of Government Policies If the economy is producing less than full employment output at equilibrium, the government can increase output by either fiscal policy or monetary policy. Fiscal policies to

Quality Management Concept

Quality Management Concept This report mainly discusses quality management. The concept of quality management and its four different quality management schemes adopt in commercial operations. And briefly discuss about quality controls and their benefits to the customers by Adidas Company which engaged in London Olympics 2012 as official partner. Through out the first question discussed about the quality management concept and features which use to identify quality. And quality in terms of business and services perspective and how quality can be define with customer satisfaction. Also how quality management can be measured. As second step briefly discussed about four different quality management schemes adapt to commercial operations and the similarities and differences of each quality management schema. And discuss its importance of communication and record keeping within the organization. Select an organization which engaged in London Olympics 2012 and did quality audit and gave recommendations to do the modifications. I have selected Adidas Company which provides equipments, shoes, clothes and accessories to London Olympics 2012. As third part of the report briefly discussed about the information made available to customers and importance of effective marketing. Importance of user and nonuser surveys when determining customer needs. And what are the consultation methods used by the represented groups to encourage the participation for London Olympics 2012. Finally evaluate the value of complaints procedure and quality improvements. As fourth question of the report analyse the role of self assessment of own quality management system. And discussed about the staff consultation to implement effective quality scheme and I have proposed new modifications and ideas to improve the existing quality management schema. Question One: Concept of Quality Management Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. Quality programs include Fitness for use. (Is the product or service capable of being used?) Fitness for purpose. (Does the product or service meet its intended purpose?) Customer satisfaction. (Does the product or service meet the customers expectations?) Conformance to the requirements. (Does the product or service conform to the requirements?) Define quality in terms of business and service provision The business and service organization is profited by selling their products and services. To keep the quality of the products and services these companies must practice the quality management. The quality must be including in all steps of production process of product or service. The best quality is key concept to improve sales as well as marketing tool. The quality is key element of Competition in the market. The organization is manufacturing products. The product must be capable to fit for use, confirm the manufactures requirements. And also meet its intended purpose as planned by the business organization. As same as the organization is service provided one, then the service must be fit to the requirements of the company, it must meet the intended purpose of a particular service of the company and confirm its requirements. Define quality in terms of customer satisfaction The customer is the most important person of the business and service organizations. These organizations manufacturing goods and services to full fill the requirements of the customers. The organizations existence is depends on the customer satisfaction. The products and services must be able to meet the customers expectations by the product and service. The product and the service must be value its price paid by the customer. The customers are attracted to the best quality products and services. After consuming product or service the customer is satisfied and, the customer thinks to buy the same product or service again, then product or service represents best quality. Then the customer has confidents to buy other new arrivals. Due to best quality some trade marks are more popular. These products and services satisfy the customers in higher level. How quality management can be measured Quality management can be measured in different ways. Number of scraped goods, reworks done for produce goods, additional material or inventory which do not use for particular production, warranty repairs or service done for sold goods, customer complaints made for sold goods and services, liability judgement made for goods and services, product recalls and product corrective actions taken to products. The above mentioned measurements are considerably high the products or services are not in a bests quality. Question Two: Four different Quality Management schemes appropriate to commercial operations The Quality Management Systems (QMS) scheme helps organisations to meet customers quality requirements and relevant regulatory requirements, while also enhancing customer satisfaction and achieving continual improvement of its performance. Describe the rationale underpinning four quality schemes commonly adopted by commercial operations Quality Planning Quality planning is the process of identifying the quality standards according to the products and services which produce in the organization and determining how to satisfy the particular quality standards. Identify the particular quality policy, scope statement, product description, quality standards and regulations as products and services. Then use cost benefit analysis, benchmarking, flowcharts and design experiment methods to determine the current quality levels and identify the gap between the identified quality standards and current position. Then determine quality management plan, checklists and input to other processes, as the final stage. The above mentioned quality planning methods represents the quality position of the organization and produce best quality products and services. The quality planning is also carrying out as quality management scheme. Quality Assurance Quality Assurance is the process of evaluating overall production performance on a regular basis and assures the productions satisfaction in terms of quality standards. Evaluate quality management plan, evaluate results of quality control measurements and operational definitions. And use quality planning tools, techniques and quality audits for evaluate overall production performance. Then give confidents of production satisfaction in terms of quality standards. So quality assurance is also a quality management scheme. Quality Control Monitoring products and services to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate the poor performance of the production process. Monitoring work results, quality management plan, operational definitions and checklists in the production processes of product or service. Then use quality control methods of inspections, control charts, pareto diagrams, statistical sampling, flowcharting and trend analysis to identify lower performance of the production process. Then do quality improvements, change acceptance decisions, do rework, completed checklists and do process adjustment as quality improve decisions of quality control scheme. Total Quality Management Implementing quality improvement programmes within the organization to maintain the particular quality standards. Maintaining quality programmes in all stages of production process (planning, training and induction, process control, field testing, product design validation, process validation, test and evaluations, quality audits, maintain and calibration) and among the staff(senior manager, production manager and production staff) who are working in the organization. Identify main similarities and differences between quality schemes Similarities All these quality schemes are based on particular quality standards of the product or service. Quality control and quality planning schemes take corrective actions to minimize the poor performance of the production process. Quality assurance and quality control evaluates the current quality levels of the organization and come up to a decision. Total quality management and quality control change the quality practice continuously. Differences In quality planning schema based only on the previously planned quality levels. Quality assurance schema consider only about the level of quality assurance. Quality control schema continually improves the performance of the quality practice. Total quality management implementing quality programmes, if usable or non usable as stage of the production process. Explain importance of communication and record keeping in quality schemes By communicating quality schemas give the new ideas to develop the quality practices within the organization. Communication identifies the purpose for the weak points of the low quality production steps. And also identifies the best schema to carry out in the quality management system. Record keeping compare the past results and identify the weak points within the production process of goods and services. Can be used to draw statistical diagrams and identify the major defects and improve the particular stages of the process and for analysis purposes. Record keeping makes easy, the benchmarking processes with other organizations. Question Three: Quality Controls and their benefits to the customers Adidas Company is one official partner of the London Olympic 2012. That provides shoes, clothes, accessories and equipment for London Olympic 2012. Assess the information made available to customers and the importance given to effective marketing Information is available through internet, television and other media. They are highly use internet to send information to the customers. Because they can take the customer feed back through internet faster than other mediums. Information availability improves higher buyer in, improves market presents through easy access using internet, feed back is high therefore significantly can be improve customer satisfaction, faster transaction times, more efficient order processing and due to less manual work the fewer errors. Can be able to keep existing customers introducing new styles, attract new customers using different prices and styles, can be able to make a trend in the market using marketing and increase market share, taking feedback from customers and improve the quality and new arrivals to the market. Evaluate the benefit of user and non user surveys in determining customer needs User surveys Users are the existing customers. To keep them the new products and style must be introduce for that their customer satisfaction is more important. By doing user surveys can be able to identify their needs, expectations, and the trend in the market. And also can be able to identify limitations. The user surveys can be easily done from the audience of London Olympics 2012. Non user surveys Non users are also customers. They were non users may be due to unaffordable prices or dislike to the products. From these surveys the Adidas can identify the reason and can be able to produce products for their desire while keeping the standards of the company. Olympics is in 2012 from these surveys helps introduce new fashions. Examine the methods of consultation employed to encourage participation by under represented groups Publish the growth undertaken after joining as a partner of London Olympics 2012; Show the sales improvements within that period through media discussion and press conference. The new arrivals can be market through the Olympic 2012 through internet and television. Release newspaper articles about, the benefits gain by participating London Olympics2012. Investigate the value of complaints procedure and analyse how each is used to improve quality Identify weaknesses The customers identify weakness points of the products. That can be size requirements, colour requirements and etc. Then the Adidas can change the products as customer perception. Identify low quality points Some products can be broken only in one place, all the times (must be continuous customer) If they received considerable number of complaints about a particular cloth or shoes or etc. then Adidas can identify this low quality point and will be able to improve quality. Complaints about after sales services Can be complaint about the staff who provided after sales services. Then the Adidas can improve the quality of the employees who are employing in their company. Question Four: Principles of Quality Management Role of self assessment in order to determine an Organizations quality management The quality policy must develop as first step by the Management team. The quality improvement team must establish representing all the departments of the company. Quality must be measures continuously to reduce quality awareness errors. The corrective actions must be taken for quality issues and zero defects planning must be done to the future productions. The identified errors can be removal through daily quality checking and reduces the error making purposes. Then critically recognise the particular point will help to improve the quality. Employees must be educating about the quality standards and issues and the importance of quality work and quality council must work daily basis and planned a zero defects day. Explain the stages of staff consultation necessary for effective implementation of a quality scheme Staffs are responsible for the production. Quality of the product or service is depending on the quality work done by the staff. During the planning stage to after sales services stage, the staff must do the quality work. The surveys can be done through the staff about quality scheme of the company. The documents are also filled according to the quality standards. The workforce planning is also should be change for effective implementation of quality scheme. The time management and material management must be quality for the effective implementation. Train the new staff for the particular positions then the errors will reduce and improve the quality scheme. Propose new systems or modifications to existing systems that could improve service quality The quality standard and policies must be change according to new trends and customer perceptions. Continues improvement is more practical because it is not cost very much.

Canberra Bushfires :: essays research papers

Canberra Fires of 2003 The Canberra bushfire began on Saturday 18th January 2003, with reports suggesting that it was started by a Lightning Strike, to the north of Canberra. In the few hours the few hours that proceeded, the fires raged out of control. Another fire close to the one started by the lightning, ended up joining it, creating a massive fire front, roaring towards Canberra. No warning could prepare the people of Canberra for what was happening. They did not have much time to fight the fires. They were instructed by the fire crews to leave their houses and flee. Over 300 homes were lost. One suburb, Duffy, was hardest hit. Just about every house in this one suburb was destroyed or partly burnt by the fires. Damage was reported to be in the hundreds of millions, with many treasured possessions lost, never to be recovered again. This story of survival was heard on the radio station Nova 97.9. A neighbour from Duffy lived near a farm. The man who owned the farm didn’t even try to save his home. He knew that he would never save it, so he went down the road, took his hose and helped his fellow neighbour save their home. That home was saved. However, the man with the farm lost his home. His neighbour said that he saw him the next day sleeping in his tractor with his dog on the side of the road. That is a story of Aussies doing their best to look out for their mates. Canberra was declared a disaster area by the Federal Government. Millions of dollars was donated by the people of Australia to help those people in crisis in Canberra. Millions of Aid Money was also handed out by the Government to those whose homes were destroyed. In one day an entire large are of Canberra was lost. Due to one fire. This fire was also fueled by strong winds of 50 km/h fanning the fire front and propelling it towards Canberra. Due to the fact that Canberra is surrounded entirely by bush and scrub area, the fire had lots of natural fuel to help it along. The entire surrounding area of Canberra is Trees and farms. This would have helped the fire a lot to travel faster than usual. Preliminary observations of the gardens of houses affected by the bushfires highlighted the importance of trees and shrubs that retain dead leaves and other material.

Err Booklet Abc

Bi: DESCRIBE THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF YOUR EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT AS SET OUT IN YOUR CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT OR EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT My employment is conditional to a clear CRB disclosure carried out by my employer; it is subject to the employer receiving 6 personal and professional references through a strict vetting initiative. It is essential to drive and carry valid insurance, tax and MOT certificates including business class one insurance.Any holiday is to be requested a minimum of one month prior to the date and is at the discretion of the manager. Sickness is to be reported as soon as possible to ensure clients visits are reallocated in a timely fashion. I must ensure that during my employment, my outside interests do not engage with a conflicting business to the company, ensure confidentiality at all times, remain loyal to the business and within a six month period of leaving do not solicit business from Home Instead Senior Care.Bii: DESCRIBE THE INFORMATION WHICH NEEDS TO BE SHOWN ON YOUR PAYSLIP/STATEMENT It will need to include, yours and your employers names, a breakdown of your payment, deductions including PAYE tax, NI and any pensions, Tax paid to date – PAYE & NI, date of pay, tax period, your tax code and NI number. The last details will include your Net pay and state how much holiday you are still entitled to. Biii: IDENTIFY TWO CHANGES TO PERSONAL INFORMATION YOU MUST REPORT TO YOUR EMPLOYER Change of address and change of name (surname if you marry and change it) Biv: DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW IF YOU WANTED TO RAISE A GRIEVANCE AT WORK.YOU MAY DESCRIBE THIS IN WRITING OR PRODUCE A FLOW CHART OR DIAGRAM Bv: EXPLAIN THE AGREED WAYS OF WORKING WITH YOUR EMPLOYER IN RELATION TO THE FOLLOWING AREAS; 1. DATA PROTECTION The company will hold details of the employee and clients in both paper and electronic form under the Data Protection Act 1998. This will remain confidential at all times. As the employee I agree in my contract to adher e keep any information confidential at all times regarding client information, only passing on where necessary to the people involved. Failure to do so will result in disciplinary or dismissal. 2. GRIEVANCEEmployers will raise any grievances when necessary in a professional manner and employees are encouraged to raise grievances without fear at all times. Employees and the employer follow the grievance policy at all times. 3. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT When conflict arises CareGivers are asked to not approach the subject in front of clients and to try and resolve calmly, if to no avail they are to seek assistance from a senior member of the team. 4. ANTI-DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICE Employees are encouraged to work in a non-discriminatory manner and to report any issues as soon as they arise. This is for employees, employers and clients. 5.HEALTH & SAFETY Employees are given health and safety training before commencing work in the community and are encouraged to report any issues immediately. 6 . CONFIDENTIALITY Employees are to adhere to the confidentiality policy at all times or they could face disciplinary action or possibly dismissal. Confidentiality is essential with clients as it helps to build their trust although vital information should be passed on where necessary to the correct people. 7. WHISTLEBLOWING Whistleblowing encourages and enables employees to raise serious concerns within the company rather than overlooking a problem or ‘blowing the whistle' outside.Employees are advised to speak to their designated senior CareGiver or a member of the management team with any issues rather than other colleagues. Bvi: EXPLAIN HOW YOUR ROLE CONTRIBUTES TO THE OVERALL DELIVERY OF THE SERVICE PROVIDED Being a senior CareGiver means I am partly responsible in ensuring the quality of service remains at a high level by carrying out regular spot checks on CareGivers and completing Quality Assurance questionnaires with the clients to make sure they are satisfied with the care the y are receiving. Where any issues arise actions are taking to resolve them.Bvii: EXPLAIN HOW YOU COULD INFLUENCE THE QUALITY OF THE SERVICE PROVIDED BY: A) FOLLOWING BEST PRACTICE WITHIN YOUR WORK ROLE; This would encourage anybody I am training to work to high standards that I personally would set and would ensure clients are kept safe and happy at all times. This could also promote the company through word of mouth. B) NOT CARRYING OUT THE REQUIREMENTS OF YOUR ROLE. This could put yourself and clients in danger and could have a damaging effect on the companies business. The level of care would decrease setting low standards and would leave clients vulnerable to all sorts of risks.Bviii: DESCRIBE HOW YOUR OWN WORK MUST BE INFLUENCED BY NATIONAL FACTORS SUCH AS CODES OF PRACTICE, NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS, LEGISLATION AND GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES. The national factors give you guidance, standards and rules to follow in your work practice. Legislation tells you what you must/must not do. Codes of Practice and Occupational Standards form the values of the company; legislation states the level and quality of care, government initiatives impact the clients more directly. If the above aren’t followed the level of care would be poor and unsafe for clients to receive.Without guidelines, laws and rules carers wouldn’t know what is and isn’t acceptable within their care duties and could also be putting themselves at risk. Bix: A) IDENTIFY TWO REPRESENTATIVE BODIES WHICH INFLUENCE YOUR AREA OF WORK. Care Quality Commission B) DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF THE TWO REPRESENTATIVE BODIES YOU HAVE IDENTIFIED. CQC licenses services if they meet essential standards and will constantly monitor whether they continue to do so. They formally review services if they receive information that is of concern and as a result decide they need to check whether a service is still meeting one or more of the essential standards.They also formally review them at lea st every two years to check whether a service is meeting all of the essential standards in each of their locations. Their reviews include checking all available information and intelligence they hold about a provider. They may seek further information by contacting people who use services, public representative groups and organisations such as other regulators. They may also ask for further information from the provider and carry out a visit with direct observations of care.

The Bureaucracy in the United States Essay Example

The Bureaucracy in the United States Essay Example The Bureaucracy in the United States Paper The Bureaucracy in the United States Paper Some examples of bureaucracy in the United States are: the International Revenue Service, which collects taxes from citizens. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, which looks into crimes for American citizens. The Postal Service, which delivers mail to citizens and the Health Care Financing Administration, which reimburses states fro money, spent on health care for the poor. An Iron Triangle is the relationship among an agency, a committee and an interest group. For example the Department of Veterans Affairs is a triangle made up of the house and Senate committees on Veteran Affairs and Veteran’s organizations. These three would make up a strong alliance with each other. The department would do what the committee wanted them to do and in return get political support and budget appropriations and the committee would do what the department wanted and in return get votes and campaign contributions. The Department of Housing and Urban Developing is also and Iron Triangle because it works closely with mayors and real-estate agents. Another example of this is the Department of Agriculture, which works closely with form agencies. The Small Business Administration works closely with congress and loan programs that make it so strong that even the most popular President cannot beat them. The Federal Communications Commission works with broadcasters and heads of cable-television companies. They however are feeling the pressure of separate demands coming from both the television guys as well as the broadcasters. The common government agency today is not an iron triangle but an issue network. An issue network consists of people in Washington based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities and think tanks, and in the mass media who regularly debate government policy on a certain subject. The networks are split along political, ideological, and economic lines. When Reagan became president he filled these jobs with people who were from that part of the issue network holding free-market or anti-regulation views. When Bush became president he filled them with more centrists member of the issue network. Clinton then brought back the consumer activist and Bush Jr. will probably follow in his father’s footsteps and fill these positions again with centrist members.

The Conscious essays

The Conscious essays An altered state of consciousness is a mental state other than ordinary waking consciousness, such as sleep, meditation, hypnosis, or a drug-induced state. The alternate state of consciousness, sleep, is a necessary one. It is something that every living human must have to live. However, there are some alternate states of consciousness that are voluntary. Some of these are meditation, hypnosis, and drugs. Of these two alternate states, meditation interests me the most. The concentrative form of meditation is a group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, a word, ones breathing, or body movement in order to block out all distractions, to enhance well-being, and to achieve an altered state of consciousness. Some forms of meditation originated in Eastern religions and were used to attain a higher spiritual state. However, in the modern United States, those same forms are used as techniques to relax, and achieve other things. This alternate state of consciousness is voluntary, and so it is in contrast with sleep by that factor. Meditation is in contrast with hypnosis, because hypnosis is used to change thoughts, feelings, behavior, and a few other things. Hypnosis is also induced by another, a hypnotist; whereas, meditation is self-induced. Drugs are taken to deal with emotional or psychological problems, or simply for the thrill. This is not natural. So, since meditation is natural, it is also in contrast with a drug-induced state. I dont really understand how meditation works. I see that it is basically not thinking about anything else, but one thing. Concentrating on this one thing, takes away all the distractions in the world around the person who is meditating. However, I would like to see research done on all the different methods and the exact details of how they work. I would like to know the effects meditation has on people, both short...

Radical Shakespeare a new way of doing Shakespeare Essay

Radical Shakespeare a new way of doing Shakespeare - Essay Example e† and when used as a noun in terms of â€Å"a person who supports great social and political change.†2 Working from these definitions, it should not be surprising to learn that â€Å"radical theatre aims to make extreme changes in existing views, habits, conditions or institutions.†3 However, this simple definition is deceptive as the concept of radical theatre becomes much more complex in the various ways through which this alternative approach might be applied – whether by protest, aesthetic differences or through other forms of expression. In his pamphlet discussing the various forms of radical theatre, Richard Walsh identifies three distinct approaches to radical theatre that can be generally classified as aesthetics defining politics, politics defining aesthetics, and aesthetics obscuring politics – â€Å"the social and political dimensions of theatre were truncated to allow an exploration of the encounter between the theatrical medium and the individual perceiving mind.†4 This idea of the use of the term radical to describe the theatre can be best understood by examining the work of a radical director such as Peter Brook. Therefore, this essay will consider in which ways, and to what extent, the work of Peter Brook can be regarded as radical. In order to develop an understanding of the radical changes that Peter Brook and others brought to the stage, it is necessary to first have a concept of the world of theatre as it existed before Brook entered the scene. The commercial structure of early British post-war theatre was characterized by the classical teachings of the upper/middle classes who felt theatre should reflect a particular adherence to tradition. Coming out of the war, much of Britain’s mainstream theatre was dominated by the ideologies of a relative minority of commercial businesses who were merely seeking a profit rather than being overly concerned with any kind of artistic achievement. If a theatre company wished to garner the

Menu Selection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Menu Selection - Assignment Example Menu driven interfaces refer to interfaces which enable users to make interactions with computers or technological devices through menus, leading in a series of different screens. The various commands provided by the device enable the user to navigate through the devices and perform various desired functions. The aspect of communication remains the most essential element in ensuring an individual’s capacity to operate a computer or device. In enhancing communication, a dialogue must become established between the person and the device. Within a menu-driven interface dialogue with users becomes established through the information contained within the device, which provides options to users, from which to choose from (Ong & Tan, 2000). Upon the pressing of each button the device provides a predetermined response, subsequently displaying the next screen, as desired by the user. The dialogue element provides the user with different options regarding the services being sought. The device offers guidelines towards ensuring the user performs the desired function. The screens are designed in a sequence which leads the user towards achieving the desired purpose. The modern age has seen tremendous improvement in the utilization of menu driven interfaces among many technological devices. The increased utilization of these interfaces could be attributed to the following reasons Simplicity – menu driven interfaces remain relatively easy to utilize as individuals only have to follow prompts provided by the device. This makes it possible for individuals without previous knowledge of the device become able to use these devices (Gudur, Blackler, Popovic, & Mahar, 2013). All an individual requires in knowledge of the language which the interface communicates with, and following the commands. No commands – the users do not have to enter commands into the device to produce certain information. The use of commands requires