The Impact Of Hydroelectric Power Development Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the old ages, there has been increasing involvement in electricity coevals utilizing hydropower. However, it is merely late that the impacts of hydroelectric power workss on the environment have been recognized ; until now, it was assumed that hydroelectric power coevals was a clean and environmentally friendly electricity production method, compared to other methods. After extended research, it has been found that hydroelectric power production has some impacts that include production of nursery gases from the disintegrating flora that have been submerged in the dike, and implosion therapy of large land countries, rendering them unfit for agribusiness and other human activities, among others. Possibly the biggest impact from hydroelectric power production is the consequence it has on H2O quality. Dam building, for the intents of power production, can alter the measure and quality of H2O of a river. The disintegrating flora contains bacteria that may besides transform the quicks ilver found in basic reservoir stones into a H2O soluble signifier, which builds up in the fish organic structures and accordingly presenting a wellness hazard. This paper will research the impact of upgrading of bing hydroelectric power workss on H2O quality by, foremost, depicting typical proposed enterprises and options when upgrading bing hydropower workss, and so researching the environmental impacts of such proposed enterprises and options. 2.0 Description of proposed enterprise and options For any undertaking that aims at upgrading an bing hydropower works, the chief aim should be to increase efficiency and increase energy production and end product to the upper limit with no unwanted environmental impacts.2.1 Upgrading bing hydropower workssSeveral methods exist that can be used to increase the production of power at bing hydropower workss. Normally, these methods can be grouped into two: methods that increase the power production efficiency and methods that increase the useable H2O or caput volume. To better efficiency, old turbine smugglers and Gatess can be replaced with newer, more efficient designs ; coatings can be used to minimise loss of energy through clash in flow channels ; the public presentation of the turbine can be tweaked ; turbine smugglers can be replaced with newer 1s holding a similar design to cut down pits and other defects ; generator efficiency can be increased by rewinding them ; H2O escape can be reduced in Gatess and other constructions ; junk path cleansing can be bettered to minimise clash losingss ; and automated systems for aggregation and analysis of diagnostic informations can be set up. To increase the useable H2O or caput volume, the dam lift can be increased to increase the caput and storage capacity ; more turbines can be added to utilize the H2O that is being spilled ; put ining newer turbines and generators that have wider flow scopes ; and other alterations can be effected during distribution of storage and releases of the reservoir.2.2 Retrofiting dikes to develop new hydropowerThe chief activities during retrofitting a dike for hydropower coevals include: constructing sluicegates, consumptions, and a human dynamo that may, in high-head dikes, be located downstream, or, in dikes with low caput, replace subdivisions of the bing construction ; employment of extenuation actions to minimise the undertaking ‘s impacts ; hard-on of power lines to link the undertaking into the bing power grid ; and rerouting through the H2O turbines. Monitoring of quality of H2O, testing to forestall fish from come ining the turbine, edifice of fishing installations, and flow release conditions can do up the extenuation actions.2.3 Options to hydropower development at bing dikesWhen upgrading a hydropower works to better its bring forthing capacity, it is presumed it replaces the bing capacity since it is dearly-won to run because of high costs, for illustration disused workss or those that use dearly-won fuel, and the new capacity that is more expensive than hydropower coevals at bing dikes. To find the right capacity mix that the proposed hydropower ascent will replace, there is demand for a complete respect for future energy disbursals, the nature and location of bing and future hydropower workss, and environmental factors particular to a site.3.0 Environmental impacts of the proposed enterprise and optionsAs has been established, any hydropower development, and other methods of bring forthing power, causes several environmental impacts. The following subdivisions explore the impacts of hydropower ascents and besides for power coevals utilizing fossil fuels, which is the most likely option.3.1 impacts of upgrading bing hydropower workssNormally depending on the type of upgrade being done, the environmental impacts of hydroelectric works ascents are non as terrible when measured up against other energy development impacts. In fact, upgrades that merely necessitate the generators or turbines to be replaced, go forthing the reservoir ‘s volume and release timings unchanged, have few immediate impacts and may even hold several enduring environmental benefits. The ascents that see the volume and release timings change on the other manus may some permanent impacts.3.1.1 Water resources3.1.1.1 Construction ImpactsMinor ascents do non necessitate much work and therefore hold small or no impacts on the H2O resources, like eroding, oil spills, and riverbed break, among others. However, major ascents would necessitate more wide building and therefore the impact on H2O resources is increased. Activities in such ascents such as digging or heavy machinery usage during building addition the local creek beds ‘ and Bankss ‘ eroding, doing more sediment tonss and possible deposition downstream. The redistribution of deposits by building may hold harmful effects when the taint of the deposit is local. While enduring impacts on the H2O quality are improbable, building during ascents may take to short-run impacts like little oil spills. Due to the arrest of H2O flow in major ascents, short-run dewatering and stagnancy of the tailwater may happen, ensuing in high growing of algae and changing concentrations of dissolved O ( DO ) which finally adversely impacts aquatic life.3.1.1.2 Decreased AerationTurbines able to utilize higher flows may be installed during undertaking ascents where spillage of flow occurs via wasteweirs or Gatess because the bing turbines ‘ size can non utilize all the flow. During spillage, the spilled flow may slightly hold increased DO concentrations, or become aerated. When the tu rbines ‘ capacity is increased, there will be an addition in the flow per centum in the turbine, where aeration is minimum or absent. Entire concentrations of DO would diminish in undertakings where the DO concentration is low and an ascent would do less flow aeration during spillage. In undertakings where spillage happens during high flow periods merely, spillage may be used for power coevals because it does non hold important impact3.1.1.3 Improved Turbine AerationTo cut down jobs of H2O quality is some undertakings, turbine replacing may be the solution. In the hot season, stratification occurs in most deep reservoirs. At the underside is a bed of low DO concentrated cold H2O, which when released through the turbines means the tailwater will hold deficient DO concentration. To ease this job, the H2O can be aerated prior to go throughing it through the turbine. Research has shown that in a few workss where the turbines have been constructed to entrain air into the flow when it passes through them, aeration of the tailwaters is sufficient and economical ; aquatic life and efficiency may nevertheless be affected. In such undertakings, upgrading of old turbines may enable the installing of self-aerating turbines that accordingly may increase the DO concentrations of the tailwater, finally profiting the environment.3.1.1.4 Changes in reservoir storage and flow releasesAs seen, to upgrade bing hydropower workss, methods like increasing the turbines ‘ flow rates or increasing or changing reservoir storage, done by increasing the dike ‘s lift and altering the H2O release periods during the twelvemonth severally, can be used, which may impact the downstream and reservoir H2O quality such as altering the concentrations of DO and temperature of H2O.3.1.2 Air QualityThe impacts of hydropower workss ascents on the air quality are normally impermanent and minimum, and usually occur merely because of dust emanations and other emanations that have escaped from the equipment used in upgrade undertakings that need major building. In fact, hydropower ascents may positively impact the air quality by minimising coevals utilizing fossil fuel.3.1.3 Aquatic EcosystemsIt has been established that the alterations that may happen during building and operation activities during bing hydropower works upgrades impact aquatic life. While minor ascents do non significantly impact the H2O quality, major ascents may ensue in dirt eroding and deposit, chemical and building oil spillage, and break of contaminated deposits, which may impact aquatic life. Increased temperatures and reduced concentrations of DO, hapless tailwater quality, could ensue because of fluctuations in flow releases during building. Furthermore, because of go throughing lowly DO concentrated H2O through a turbine, instead than sloping the H2O over a dike, there could be decreased aeration which besides affects aquatic life.3.1.4 Riparian and tellurian ecosystemsBreak to riparian w etlands and home grounds due to building activities is the chief cause of the impacts of bing hydropower workss upgrade on tellurian ecosystems. However, these impacts, which depend on the site or undertaking, are normally insignifanct and merely a few undertakings may do important impacts. Upstream tellurian home ground may significantly be lost through flood because of developments that comprise heightening lifts of the dike. Short-run deposit and fluctuations in flow agendas during building, in add-on to equipment replacing inside edifices, is non likely to hold long-run impacts on tellurian ecosystems.3.1.5 Diversion3.1.5.1 Construction impactsRecreational installations will non be significantly impacted by minor hydropower works ascents except during a little building period. Major ascents on the other manus may impact recreational activities. With the possibility of the deposit loads increasing as a consequence of creek beds and bank eroding, the affected H2O quality may impac t recreational activities such as H2O skiing, fishing, yachting, and swimming, among others ; such activities may besides be affected by rare minor spillage of oil and lubricators. During upgrade building, there may be dewatering and stagnancy because of controlled flow, which consequences in unwanted growing of algae and low concentrations of DO, accordingly impacting activities like fishing. Open stones, awful odors, loud blares, dust, harmful gas emanations, and eroded Bankss, among others may besides impact the aesthetics and therefore the recreational activities.3.1.5.2 Long term ImpactsDecreased aeration in downstream dike H2O is among the permanent impacts of hydropower works ascent on recreational activities. New turbines decrease the DO concentration, impacting aquatic life and finally fishing activities. Recreational activities may besides be impacted in undertakings where high flow-capable turbines are used because there will be different flow agendas for impoundings. Alt erations in the downstream flow graduated table or programming may impact the aquatic life, therefore impacting recreational activities.3.1.6 Dam Safety and FloodingConcerns for dike safety are normally as a consequence of major, non minor 1s, hydropower works ascents which involves promoting the reservoir degrees that consequences on more structural tonss on the dike, accordingly compromising the general dike ‘s safety factor. In most upgrade developments, deluging frights are uncommon. Still, among the methods of increasing coevals at bing reservoirs is to minimise flood storage so as to do more H2O available for coevals. There would, as a consequence of this lessening in inundation storage, be an increased concern for downstream implosion therapy ; different sites have different impacts and magnitude of the excess implosion therapy.3.1.7 Energy security benefitsAlthough it will non significantly to the U.S. ‘s entire power grid, the ascent of bing hydropower workss wo uld supply inexpensive and valuable energy signifier that is local and renewable, therefore is non susceptible to foreign ordinance or fuel scarcenesss. The value of energy ensuing from such ascents is felt more during peak demands, even though it may sometimes turn out undependable, particularly during low flows or when more flow releases are required to better H2O quality and aquatic life.3.2 Impact of new hydroelectric power at bing dikesWhen an bing dike is developed by put ining new hydropower workss, many advantages are realized, minus the several bad environmental effects experienced during hydropower development at new dikes. This is because at bing dikes, the impacts caused by stream ictus such as submerging of tellurian home ground, obstructor of fish migration, alteration in volume and timing of downstream flow, among others, have already been felt ; more impacts may still be felt during retrofitting.3.2.1 Water resources3.2.1.1 Construction ImpactsThere may be some imper manent impacts on H2O resources that result from the building activities during retrofitting. Erosion at the site of building and the accidental discharge of unearthed stuffs into the watercourse may do the tailwaters to hold sediment tonss. Furthermore, the building activities may do spillage of oil and perturbation and distribution of contaminated deposits present at a dike. These impermanent impacts normally end after building is complete.3.2.1.2 Change in flow release formsDue to alterations in release agendas of H2O in hydropower workss, the downstream may hold harmful effects like interrupting aquatic life, recreational activities, and increasing eroding of the bank. As such, flow alterations are normally prohibited because they may take down the dike ‘s capacity to run into its initial marks.3.2.1.3 Changes in tailwater quality due to alterations in release liftWater in a retrofit hydropower workss can be extracted from lifts separate from the initial impounding ‘ s backdown lift. During summer, the quality of H2O in deep storage reservoir normally fluctuates with lift. An impounding, with cold H2O normally holding low concentrations of DO in its lower lifts and warm H2O holding high concentrations of DO in the higher lifts, is caused by thermic stratification. In such graded impoundings where the bing release is through a wasteweir or high lift Gatess at the top, there would be fluctuations in downstream quality during hot conditions from high to low concentrations of DO and high to low temperatures when there is installing of a hydropower works retreating from low lifts. There is normally a high heavy metal concentration like Mg and Fe, irritant compounds, in yatter discharged from low lift. Rarely, shallow impoundings may besides hold stratified H2O quality.3.2.1.4 Change in reserve H2O quality due to alterations in release liftVariations in the backdown lift from a reservoir, in add-on to the impacts discussed before, may besides impact q uality of H2O in the impoundment upstream of the dike. A gate release replacing with a turbine consumption at even the slightest lift alteration for case may take down the volume of cold H2O on the reservoir ‘s underside and raise the warm H2O volume in the reservoir in hot conditions. These fluctuations may impact temperature of H2O, production of algae, concentration of DO, and other issues of H2O quality at changing times and sites in the reservoir. Reservoir simulation theoretical accounts are employed in the anticipation of the compound, unpredictable, and site-exclusive impacts. Changing the backdown lift may sometimes be utile for the H2O quality in the reservoir, and sometimes harmful.3.2.1.5 Nitrogen Super impregnationHydropower upgrade undertakings cause nitrogen ace impregnation and later the fishes ‘ gas bubble infection which causes the formation of gas bubble in a organic structure of the fish which may kill. Three conditions may ensue in the formation of n itrogen ace impregnation: when releases from the reservoir are really aerated, when air is entrained into severely constructed sluicegates, and when N saturated H2O from inside the reservoir is discharged to tailwaters. Nitrogen ace impregnation does non by and large have big impacts in hydropower development at retrofitted dikes.3.2.2 Air QualityAs has been established, impacts of air quality of retrofitting dikes are similar to hydropower works ascent ‘s local, impermanent and minimum impacts. Happening merely during building, effects may include get awaying dust emanations and equipment usage emanations and are by and large minimum compared with other emanations.3.2.3 Aquatic ecosystemThe aquatic resources during building from dike retrofitting are impacted the same manner as during ascent of bing hydropower workss. There is nevertheless greater opportunity for the impact on aquatic resources, by degrading the H2O and home ground quality, to be more, peculiarly from H2O deb asement, because of the major building in this option. Despite the already bing reservoir and the beings ‘ version to the H2O environment, get downing of hydroelectricity production may alter the releases ‘ volume and timing. Consequently, there may be instant and more terrible H2O degree fluctuations in the tailwaters and reservoir, which destroy critical shallow-water home ground for aquatic life. Furthermore, when lowly concentrated DO, cold, deep H2O is discharged from stratified reservoirs will degrade the quality of H2O of the tailwaters and negatively impact the ecosystem adapted to deep warm, extremely concentrated DO H2O releases.3.2.4 Dam safety and implosion therapy3.2.4.1 Dam safetyRetrofiting hydropower dike has a few dike safety concerns. Because building may necessitate removing of some of the bing dike ‘s parts, there is a possibility of the dike ‘s basis or construction weakening if improperly done.3.2.4.2 DelugingDesign-specific, the buildin g of hydropower workss at dikes with low-head may upsurge the implosion therapy upstream ‘s rate and graduated table. If there is the slightest obstructor in the flows ‘ way due to building, the upstream inundation lifts would increase.3.2.5 Energy security benefitsAlthough it will non significantly to the U.S. ‘s entire power grid, energy from retrofitting dikes would supply inexpensive and valuable energy signifier that is local and renewable, therefore is non susceptible to foreign ordinance or fuel scarcenesss. The value of energy ensuing from such an option is felt more during peak demands, even though it may sometimes turn out undependable, particularly during low flows or when more flow releases are required to better H2O quality and aquatic life.3.3 Impacts of coevals utilizing fossil fuelsMost of U.S. power production capacity is due to the usage of fossil fuels ( coal, gas and oil ) . The power that would hold been produced by hydropower is so got from th e usage of these fossil fuels.3.3.1 Water resourcesThe coevals of fossil-fuels can take to a figure of effects to H2O resources. In most instances fossil fuels workss are normally constructed following to big H2O organic structures to supply H2O for chilling or to thrust ahead as agencies of conveyance for the fuels. The building of these workss besides interferes with the land countries taking to eroding and as a consequence taking to residue tonss in the H2O organic structures. Coal excavation and transit are the chief effects of coal- power coevals to legion H2O organic structures. In the humid parts coal mines have for a long period triggered serious pollution of H2O organic structures due to altering of the river channels ( because of direct excavation effects, hydrologic alterations to watershed, and increased residue tonss ) and drainage of acids from mines. Although these impacts can be controlled, to a certain extent they can non be wholly avoided. In waterless countries, these effects are less compared to those in humid countries. However, impacts such as change of groundwater can happen. Even though, the transit of fossil fuels by flatboat on H2O resources can do minor impacts, other agencies of transit such as coal slurry grapevines, can ensue into terrible impacts on local H2O organic structures. The lavation of coal at the power works or mine to better its combustion or emanations qualities ; big sums of H2O are consumed every bit good as pollut ion as a consequence of these procedures. Water resources can besides be degraded due to production and transit of gas and oil used in the production of electric power. These effects can be due to offshore oil production and oil spills in the class of refinement and transit. The production of fossil-fuel power workss is the root to several pollution effects to H2O organic structures. Cooling H2O is required by these workss in the condensation of steam after it has been recycled in the boilers. The cooling H2O can be used one time and channeled to come up H2O or it can be recycled through the chilling tower let go ofing the heat out to the ambiance. Significant temperature addition and vaporization in the receiving H2O organic structure can besides be caused by chilling procedures. Water is likewise consumed by the chilling towers through vaporization and the discharge of blow down H2O, which contains higher concentrations of dissolved solids.3.3.2 Air qualityThe major beginning of air emanations is due to the usage of fossil fuels in power coevals as compared to the usage hydroelectric coevals. Some of these emanations include ; dust discharged from coal hemorrhoids and mines, vehicles used in excavation and transit of these fossil fuels, the storage and use of crude oil and gas besides release hydrocarbon emanations and emanations from burning. Air quality as an impact of fossil- fuel production is of the greatest concern as it leads to the emanation of burning merchandises such as S dioxide, azotic oxide, atoms and C dioxide. Approximately 70 % sulfur emanations, 40 % of azotic oxide emanations and 10 % of particulate emanations of U.S. are produced during fossil- fueled power production. With most emanations coming from oil and coal burning, natural gas- fuel workss have significantly lowered air emanations. The chief concerns are sulfur dioxide and azotic oxides ; they non merely affect human wellness but besides contribute to acidic rain and dry deposition. Particulates can likewise hold terrible effects on human wellness, conditions and visibleness. Carbon dioxide emanations are besides possible subscribers to planetary heating. Ever since the 1950s, a steady rise in the emanations of C dioxide has been experienced. Whereas about half of the emitted C dioxide released remains in the ambiance lending to planetary heating, the staying half is either dissolved into oceans or taken up by workss or sequestered.3.3.3 Aquatic ecosystemSeveral of the impacts due to the building and operation of fossil-fueled power workss to aquatic ecological resources are really different both in sort and magnitude to the impacts brought approximately by several hydropower replacements. Unless a chilling lake is created by the dodo fuel works, the loss of aquatic home ground will be relativity little, compar ed to those due to upgrading or retrofitting of already bing reservoirs. This will be much less compared to the sum of riverine home grounds that would be lost due to a new hydroelectric impounding. Entrainment, encroachment and chemical and thermic discharges are some of the effects brought approximately by the operation of a chilling system capacitor of a dodo works to aquatic beings. Large sums of solid wastes such as burning ash and scrubber sludge are besides produced by coal-burning power workss. If non controlled, leachates form coal and ash hemorrhoids can degrade the H2O quality every bit good as holding toxicant effects on the aquatic beings. Furthermore, aquatic communities over a big geographical country can see important H2O quality effects and habitat loss associated to the whole fuel rhythm ( coal and oil excavation, polish or cleansing, and ash deposition ) . Aquatic beings in widespread countries can likewise be affected by acerb deposition from fossil fuel workss.3.3.4 DiversionThe state ‘s uninterrupted dependance on fossil fuels as the chief beginning of production for electrical power has appeared to hold important effects on recreational avocations in assorted countries. During the air inversion episodes in some of the major metropoliss in the U.S. , air quality effects due to the burning of coal are already impacting people with respiratory complications who the usage some of these recreational resources. In New England and other parts of the U.S. , acidic depositions from coal burning is said to hold affected fishing in assorted lakes. Drain of acids from coal mines has non merely affect fishing but white water canoeing and kayaking, yachting, swimming, hike and the overall aesthetic qualities of watercourses in Appalachia and in other topographic points. Through the surface excavation of coal recreational chances such as hunting, hike and nature observation can be disturbed throughout the U.S. However, through renewal, these sites may heighten some of these recreational resources. Increased concentrations of nursery gases in the ambiance can besides convey with it impacts to recreational resources such as alteration in the precipitation measures and governments of a part, more serious or more perennial air inversions, raising or take downing of reservoirs capacities, legion or more terrible major storms in the coastal countries, rise in the sea degree, altering of wildlife home grounds, and change of wildlife migration waies and times. Any out-of-door recreational avocation will be significantly be affected by all these. The boring rigs near the refineries for gas and oil used in power coevals can likewise consequence in H2O quality impacts from rigs, oilers or grapevines which may take to occasional oil spills both onshore and offshore. Recreational activities such as fishing, yachting, swimming, and nature observation can besides be affected as consequence of these impacts. Refinery installations ( with both ocular and olfactive effects ) are frequently seen to be noxious topographic points doing them incompatible with recreational resources. Aesthetic enjoyment of such recreational resources can be reduced where there are grapevines. Drilling, production and other research activities due to increased used of gas and oil can hold possible negative effects on these diversion resources particularly in wildlife safeties and delicate offshore locations. In Western United States, in some of the comparatively pristine environment where natural gas desulfurization installations are located near the boring rigs ; ocular, audile and olfactive impacts could be produced where this gas is found. Activities such as hike, runing and nature observation could besides be affected.3.3.5 Energy security benefitsSupplies form Coal and domestic gases are considered to be unafraid energy resource suppliers. In the United States, coal is known to be the richest unrenewable energy resources. Although, fossil-fueled workss are considered to be extremely dependable, they can be besides be affected by terrible conditions conditions such as drouths ( that consequence into inefficient chilling doing it expensive for power production ) . Following the day-to-day rhythm demands, fossil-fuel power workss are non all that efficient. In the quest to extenuate this inefficiency, pumped storage hydroelectric power undertakings and gas turbine workss though less ef ficient are frequently used because the turbines respond rapidly to altering demands. Environmental impacts which involves air emanations both regional and globally and the high ingestion of H2O are some of the factors that limit the development of new fossil-fueled workss at assorted sites. 4.0 Decision

Free Essays on Leonin

Leonin Leonin was born in Paris, France in the year 1135 AD (Estrella, 2004). He had such a musical influence to the pioneers of our medieval time period even after his death in the year 1201 AD (Estrella, 2004). Leonin was even considered one of the greatest musical minds in the history of Western Music. He received his well earned education at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Eventually, he served as a canon (Estrella, 2004). He was a French composer as well as poet (Estrella, 2004). Though his significance came from his work with music, his poetry was also well recognized. Though very little is known about the life and details of Leonin, the impact he made in the music world has lasted for ages now. The only writings on Leonin from his earlier life time, came from a later student at the Cathedral known as Anonymous IV (Estrella, 2004). This person is supposed to be an Englishman who left a treatise on theory (Estrella, 2004). Anonymous IV mentions Leonin as the great composer of the Magnus liber (Estrella, 2004). One of Leonin’s greatest achievements was the creation of the Magnus liber organi (The Great Book of Organum). The Great Book of Organum, is a cycle of two-part Graduals, Alleluias, and responsories for the entire church year (Grout, p 77). Unfortunately, the Magnus liber does not exist in its original form (Grout, p 78). . There are manuscripts preserved in libraries at Florence, Wolfenbuttel, Madrid, and elsewhere (Grout, p 78). There is no knowledge of exactly how much of the Magnus liber Leonin composed (Grout, p 79). . Organum is the earliest form of medieval polyphonic music (Estrella, 2004). Before any of the works of Leonin, there is no evidence of any type of comprehensive rhythmic system (Estrella, 2004). Leonin improved organum by adding rhythmic structure to the tenor (Grout, p 79). This rhythmic system is based on six different rhythmic patterns known as rhythmic modes (Estrella, 2004).... Free Essays on Leonin Free Essays on Leonin Leonin Leonin was born in Paris, France in the year 1135 AD (Estrella, 2004). He had such a musical influence to the pioneers of our medieval time period even after his death in the year 1201 AD (Estrella, 2004). Leonin was even considered one of the greatest musical minds in the history of Western Music. He received his well earned education at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Eventually, he served as a canon (Estrella, 2004). He was a French composer as well as poet (Estrella, 2004). Though his significance came from his work with music, his poetry was also well recognized. Though very little is known about the life and details of Leonin, the impact he made in the music world has lasted for ages now. The only writings on Leonin from his earlier life time, came from a later student at the Cathedral known as Anonymous IV (Estrella, 2004). This person is supposed to be an Englishman who left a treatise on theory (Estrella, 2004). Anonymous IV mentions Leonin as the great composer of the Magnus liber (Estrella, 2004). One of Leonin’s greatest achievements was the creation of the Magnus liber organi (The Great Book of Organum). The Great Book of Organum, is a cycle of two-part Graduals, Alleluias, and responsories for the entire church year (Grout, p 77). Unfortunately, the Magnus liber does not exist in its original form (Grout, p 78). . There are manuscripts preserved in libraries at Florence, Wolfenbuttel, Madrid, and elsewhere (Grout, p 78). There is no knowledge of exactly how much of the Magnus liber Leonin composed (Grout, p 79). . Organum is the earliest form of medieval polyphonic music (Estrella, 2004). Before any of the works of Leonin, there is no evidence of any type of comprehensive rhythmic system (Estrella, 2004). Leonin improved organum by adding rhythmic structure to the tenor (Grout, p 79). This rhythmic system is based on six different rhythmic patterns known as rhythmic modes (Estrella, 2004)....

20 Culture Research Paper Topic Ideas to Impress the Audience

20 Culture Research Paper Topic Ideas to Impress the Audience Creation of a culture research paper is an excellent possibility to dig deeper and gain some extra knowledge from a variety of fields of knowledge as culture unites all the things that were created by people during their conscious existence. The investigations of culture are probably among the most interdisciplinary activities as one topic can be studied from various aspects, and the results of the same research title can be totally different depending on the aspect and means of exploration. 20 Culture Research Paper Topics that Will Impress the Readers Here you will find 20 inspirational topics for writing which encompass both pop culture essay topics and themes which deal with art, literature, and other means of cultural distribution. The Mutual Aspects of Cultural Development within Civilization Discourse between Various Races The Development of Globalization Processes as a Result of International Cultural Interaction The Growth of Subcultures as the Manifestation of Modern Cultural Tendencies Reasons for Intercultural Conflicts between Various Races on the Basis of Religion The Moral Standards as the Reflection of Cultural Level of the American Population The Time of Informational Freedom – How Does It Impact the Development of Culture in the World The Outfit of Various Ethnic Groups – Comparative Analysis of Things People Are Accustomed to Wearing Nowadays The Video Games as a New Species of Interactive Pop Culture That Breeds New Generations The Internet as a Peak Achievement in the Development of International Culture Social Networks – How They Are Killing Personal Identity What is the Role of Celebrities as the Carriers of Mass Culture to the Society The Lyrics of Modern Songs as a Heritage for Future Generations The Comparison of Cultural Value between Classical and Modern Arts The Language as Cultural Reflection of the Nation’s Social Background Is the Modern Cinematography Filled with Violence that Disrupts the Moral Values of the Society   The Philosophy of Culture and How It Was Accepted by the Society in the Ancient Times The Peculiarities of Architecture of Religious Buildings of Various Religious Confessions as the Representation of Cultural Beliefs The World’s Literary Fund – the Greatest Treasure of the Culture Pop-Cultures that Were Born due to the Impact of Mass Media Love – the Greatest Socio-Cultural Phenomenon Choose one of these ideas, find our strong facts to support the issue, and enjoy the successful paper that is going to bring you the highest possible grade. 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They say that Facebook is for clever people, Twitter – for lazy and Instagram – for attractive. The last one became a real vanity fair where everyone can boast with something he or she is proud of new Botox lips or appetizing hamburger. That’s the new type of a superhero – the â€Å"example-person†. Such a person doesn’t have some supernatural powers and lives only on the screens of the smartphones, gathers â€Å"likes†, and serves as an example of a successful life about which all average users should dream about. We try to look like this person and get upset when understand how difficult it is. However, don’t trust everything from the web. In autumn 2015, one of the superheroes of our time became sick and tired of everything. 19 years old Australian Essena ONeill – the owner of the Instagram account with half a million of followers, left the social network and shared the truth which was hidden behind each of her photos. Essena became popular in a simple way: selfies, photos of fashionable looks and sportive body gathered a lot of followers. After this numerous brands started to pay her for selfies and hashtags in their products. Sometime later, she opened the truth – all these photos weren’t real. The girl could make hundreds of photos to get one perfect. Social networks aren’t real life. Be careful when admire such photos and ask yourself what was the aim of this or that photo. Hanna Krasnova, the professor from Berlins Humboldt University, states that photos in Instagram demonstrate success, welfare, and happiness. They make us compare our own achievements with the achievements of others. It may even cause low self-esteem. Krasnova provided a research where she gave the definition to the phenomenon of â€Å"Vanity fair†: When you see some nice photos of your friend – the only way of compensation is self-presentation – you post even better photos; your friend sees them and posts better photos again. It’s a never-ending circle: self-presentation causes self-presentation, and the world of social networks becomes even further from the real world. The researches confirm that social media possession makes us unhappy. More and more people worry because of the decision which photo to post doubting whether it is perfect or not. â€Å"Consume responsibly† – such a note should be added not only to beer bottles but to social networks as well. Hundreds of followers and â€Å"likes† are often only the sign that the person has mastered the commandment  «Discuss your neighbor†. The happiness which we see on the Instagram photos is not always present in the real life. References: Trompenaars, F., Hampden-Turner, C. (1997) Riding the Waves of Culture. Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. 2nd ed. London: Nicholas Brealey  https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/baa5/8e86493834d21459cba14437d8900542d666.pdf Campbell, L.M. 2005. Overcoming obstacles to interdisciplinary research. Conservation Biology 19:574–577.  https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/84a7/6db8fb7ba0bc77d179dda25b3419a4d3d525.pdf Brosius, J. P. 2006. Common ground between anthropology and conservation biology. Conservation Biology 20:683–685.  https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00463.x Nyhus, P.J., F.R. Westley, R.C. Lacy and P.S. Miller. 2002. A role for natural resource social science in biodiversity risk assessment. Society and Natural Resources 15:923–932.  https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044context=faculty_scholarship Kastanakis, M. and Voyer, Benjamin G. (2014) The effect of culture on perception and cognition: a conceptual framework. Journal of Business Research, 67 (4). pp. 425-433.  http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/50048/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Voyer,%20B_Effect%20culture%20perception_Voyer_Effect%20culture%20perception_2014.pdf Scott, J. 2009. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook, 2nd Edition. London: SAGE Publications.  http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/~pjc/pubs/Sage_Hbook/Sage%20Chap17.pdf

15 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on the Changes of Women’s Role in Vietnamese Society

15 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on the Changes of Women’s Role in Vietnamese Society If you are tasked with writing a compare and contrast essay on the changes of women’s roles within Vietnamese society, there are many things that you might want to cover. The first step is of course, selecting the topic that most speaks to you. Your goal in selecting a topic is to pick something that you are interested in. The more you are curious about a particular change that has taken place in that society, the easier and faster the research and writing process will be for you. You will also be able to put forth your personal passion for the topic into the work, something that will show through to your reader. When writing a compare and contrast essay, you can take any of the key issues you want and compare them to other issues, contrast them to other countries, to other services, or even to different ethnic groups. One of the main areas for discrepancy among any of the changes that have taken place with regard to women’s roles is that which exists between rural and urban women, as well as women who are of a minority ethnically or a majority ethnically. Almost all areas you might want to review can be compared or contrasted in these lights. Below is a list of some interesting facts that you might be able to use in your compare and contrast essay: Today, women in Vietnam are represented widely in higher education, within the public sector, and in non-government organizations. There is still a glass ceiling for women, but they can nonetheless gain leadership or managerial positions. Women are free to travel in urban areas without many restrictions on the people with whom they can interact, where they are allowed to go, or how they must dress. Women today take credit for up to 50% of the workforce and labor growth of the country, particularly in the shoe, garment, and electronics factories which make up a substantial part of that workforce. Women have migrated from poorer, agricultural communities to work in factories that are unhealthy and overcrowded, but recently liberalized trade has opened up new markets and allowed women to start their own businesses. There are still gaps between men and women with regard to general health, economic performance, and educational attainment, but each of these three gaps has narrowed over the last few years as statuses for women in the country have improved. 60% of the adult women in the country are economically active and the mean hourly wages are between 85-90% of that earned by men. This compares to women having an average of just one year less of formal education compared to men. Additionally, women are more likely to live in poverty, to have been sick at least once over the last twelve months, or to live with disabilities. While there are many changes taking place in urban areas for women, the gender gaps remain at their widest in rural regions or among ethnic minority groups. Changes have taken place with regard to the access to credit made available to women. Today new banking interventions now allow private credit institutions the ability to offer credit to small and medium sized businesses, owned by men or women. This credit is now being offered by the State Bank of Vietnam making it easier for those businesses operating within an international framework. Trade functions as one area that offers women clear opportunities, but there is a lack of targeted support for those businesses owned exclusively by women which is why it has not been used to its highest capacity. Technical support has now been made available for those women who own businesses. There are local business associations in smaller areas comprised of the women who are starting businesses in those areas, but there is still no single beacon of service or support for women in the workplace. Labor conditions are different compared between rural and urban areas, as well as between the service, industrial, and agricultural sectors. These items are also influenced by the minority status of the women, whether or not they have disabilities, and their geographic location. Women in poorer areas often lack trade unions or political stability which results in better labor conditions or more opportunities for advancement. Vietnam recently became part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which means its citizens can now participate in regional trade and use legal frameworks that are pre-established. Overseeing this is Ministry of Trade which is overseen in almost all of its highest positions by men. Women are starting to gain positions within this department. Previously, businesses and enterprises owned by women were underserved and lacked access to the same opportunities as those owned by men. They were also subject to higher competition from businesses owned by men. The government does not maintain records of those businesses owned by women which makes it difficult, at best, to decide how well target programming is working, but with new partnerships with the WTO, this will be made easier and more regulated. Gender equality remains a core legal principle and as such gender bias is not apparent as a barrier to using formal dispute resolution processes in any legal problem. The reality, nonetheless, is that very few women actually use alternative dispute resolutions or the official court systems to resolve their disputes. There is a cultural aversion to the engagement of public disputes. What’s more, many businesses within the country lack formal written agreements, something which would be necessary for formal dispute resolution processes. In the country today, two thirds of enterprises in urban areas are owned by women and in rural areas nearly three quarters of enterprises are done by women. Many of these enterprises are small and lack information necessary to use formal dispute resolution processes. As a result, there is a risk that poor women, as well as those living in rural areas, and who are part of an ethnic minority do not have equal access to information about legal rights. These facts are very important for you if you want to deal with this issue in your compare and contrast essay writing. So, don’t forget to look through them before completing your writing assignment. References: Bankston III, Carl L. Gender roles and scholastic performance among adolescent Vietnamese women: The paradox of ethnic patriarchy.  Sociological focus  28.2 (1995): 161-176. Zuo, Xiayun, et al. Gender differences in adolescent premarital sexual permissiveness in three Asian cities: effects of gender-role attitudes.  Journal of Adolescent Health  50.3 (2012): S18-S25. Dasgupta, Shamita Das. Gender roles and cultural continuity in the Asian Indian immigrant community in the US.  Sex roles  38.11-12 (1998): 953-974. Nghe, Linh T., James R. Mahalik, and Susana M. Lowe. Influences on Vietnamese men: Examining traditional gender roles, the refugee experience, acculturation, and racism in the United States.  Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development  31.4 (2003): 245-261. Knodel, John, et al. Gender roles in the family: change and stability in Vietnam. (2004). Nguyen, Thi Quynh Trang. Gender discrimination in the way the Vietnamese talk about face thà ª dià ªn: Results from interviews with Vietnamese teachers.Qualitative Research Journal  15.2 (2015): 147-154. Zhou, Min, and Carl L. Bankston. Family pressure and the educational experience of the daughters of Vietnamese refugees.  International Migration39.4 (2001): 133-151.

Measured Building Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Measured Building Survey - Essay Example It comments on the current state of all parts of the structure. These parts of the building are physically inspected but limited to the scope of services offered by the building surveyor. Major defects survey is also referred to as main elements survey. For this type of survey, focus is on the main parts of the structure. Inspection and report concentrate on selected areas like roofs, floors, ceilings and windows. The home buyer report survey is standardized, covering main aspects of the structure but not detailed. It is restricted only to accessible parts of the structure. Specific survey narrows down the scope of survey to particular parts of a property depending on the owner’s knowledge (Douglas, and Noy, 2011 P.8). In most cases, building survey is advocated for buildings that lack documentation or they cannot be used. However, it assists in developing reliable and an accurate document and or a verification of an existing document. This makes building survey an essential a ctivity in the planning process as well as providing detailed information for further planning activities. The methods of survey used are: field sketch, dimensioned sketch, tape and offset survey or extended baseline survey and plane table and alidade survey. The best survey is achieved through a combination of these three methods (Scotland’s Rural Past, 2005, p.6). Sketches, plans and accurate geometric data together with information gathered from survey are combined and structured properly. These parameters are used to derive an actual design and planning process. The first step towards building survey is taking of measurements on site by use of conventional equipment like measuring stick or optical distance meters. Sophisticated surveying techniques like tachometry, laser scanner and photogrammetry are used (.Douglas, and Noy 2011, p.34). The next steps involve combining the measurements to produce details, sections and elevation of the property that are derived from plan. According to RICS (2007, p.30), any residential property is defined by linear measurement but not from floor area. Measurements are taken from a point not greater than 1.5 meters above the floor and skirting board. Recesses, bays and the like are excluded in the measurements taken. The room area should include kitchen units, cupboards and the like although it must be identified separately. When taking garage measurements, the span between main walls faces internally are of importance. Risk Assessment Some of the factors to consider in risk assessment are: Critical areas of concern in relation to residential property. Considerations from building codes and seismic zones. How to get information in relation to resources, skills and ability to investigate what you are not familiar with. Commitment to the task of checking and confirming details in the design. From the plan, elevations and sections developed from survey, the form, dimensions, orientation, natural lighting, ventilation an d spatial organizations of occupants assist in redesigning a new property. Issues required in designing of a house and their relevance as well as recommendations is considered. This is what is called risk assessment that aims at construction of safer homes. The main risks for property are; fire, harsh environment, floods, cyclones and earthquakes. The main services are drainage, gas, electricity and water. The

Microeconomic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microeconomic - Essay Example This academic paper will be focused on the logic behind warranties as signal of quality as well as what limits the attractiveness of warranties as signals for high-quality firms. Grossman (1981) argued that indicating enhanced efficient functioning of a perfectly competitive market in a situation where there is information deficiency. Warranties offered by most production companies are considered common types of signal sent by high-quality production companies. This is at reducing consumer’s quality doubt and information gaps in the product’s quality. Quality has been used to refer to observable and unobserved product characteristics in terms of product performance and durability. The common assumption is that firms producing low-quality products find it very expensive to offer a warranty. This product assumption makes offering of product warranty a credible signal of unobservable product performance and durability among many other features. In the production industry, product failures are highly linked with product quality and workmanship hence the cost of offering the warrant will be higher for poor quality products. As a result of innovation and technological advancements, the information asymmetry between consumer and manufacturer is great. This comes about due to an increase product modifications and releases on an annual basis. In the situation of new products, consumers have very little information on product information and quality due to the unavailability of past experiences and third party reviews. The injection of costly warranties in asymmetric information implies that warranties serve as pertinent projections of product quality in the production sector. The primary objective of all businesses remains profit-making through cost minimization and revenue maximization. In case the producers manufactured goods with high chances of product failures, they will be forced to incur high costs through repair and repl acement which will

Does football promote freindship or enmity Essay

Does football promote freindship or enmity - Essay Example Apparently, most soccer fans prefer watching matches in social places such as clubs, restaurants or at home as long as they are in the company of people who have interest in soccer. Consequently, a bond is created between these people, who may be strangers, since they will have a common topic for discussion throughout the 90 minutes. In this context, it is true to say that football facilitates and enhances the creation of friendships between strangers however short lived they might be (Foer 39). Similarly, football promotes friendship in terms of suppressing racial mentalities that promote discrimination. The world cup for example sets an international stage for teams from different countries, some of which have been in conflict with each other for a long time due to political or ideological differences. Whenever these teams are playing, the people watching get to forget their differences, especially due to the fact that there are high standards set for officiating matches such that every participant feels comfortable with the results. This is made better by the display of sportsmanship by footballers whereby they shake hands even after one of them has committed a foul against the other. By doing so, they portray a high level of emotional intelligence which becomes a good example for those who are watching.